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Personality Development: Meaning and Determinants Meaning of Personality Development Personality development encompasses the dynamic construction and deconstruction of integrative characteristics that distinguish an individual in terms of interpersonal behavioral traits. It is a continuously evolving process shaped by various contextual factors and life-altering experiences. Personality development is also dimensional in description and subjective in nature; it can be seen as a continuum that varies in degrees of intensity and change. Its conceptualization is rooted in social norms of expected behavior, self-expression, and personal growth. The dominant viewpoint in personality psychology suggests that personality emerges early and continues to develop throughout one's lifespan. Adult personality traits are believed to have roots in infant temperament, implying that individual differences in disposition and behavior can be observed early in life, potentially even before language or...

Personality: Significance, Functions, and Objectives The word "personality" originates from the Latin term persona , referring to a theatrical mask worn by performers to project different roles or disguise their identities. In psychology, personality refers to the unique and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and characteristics that make an individual stand out. It is a combination of physical, psychological, and behavioral aspects that contribute to an individual’s "good personality" or lack thereof, depending on the presence or absence of key attributes. Significance of Personality Psychological and Physiological Aspects : Personality is fundamentally a psychological construct, but research suggests that biological factors, such as genetic influences and physiological needs, also play a significant role. These biological factors interact with psychological experiences to shape individual personalities. Consistency : Personality traits typically e...

Accounting and Its Purpose Accounting is concerned with providing information to external users. It refers to the preparation of general-purpose reports for use by persons outside a business enterprise, such as shareholders (existing and potential), creditors, financial analysts, labour unions, government authorities, and the like. Financial accounting is oriented towards the preparation of financial statements which summarize the results of operations for selected periods of time and show the financial position of the business at particular dates. Purpose of Accounting To Maintain Full and Systematic Records of Business Transactions Accounting is the language of business transactions. Given the limitations of human memory, the main objective of accounting is to maintain a full and systematic record of all business transactions. To Ascertain Profit or Loss of the Business Business is run to earn profits. Whether the business earned profit or incurred loss is ascertained by accounting b...

Classic Skills of Leaders Effective leadership is built upon timeless principles that transcend time and circumstance. Drawing from the wisdom of ancient philosophers, here are classic skills that define successful leaders. 1. Flexibility in Leadership "Don’t waste energy in that which you cannot change." – Aristophanes Successful leaders adopt a flexible approach, recognizing that some factors are beyond their control. Instead of expending energy on unchangeable situations, they focus on adapting and finding solutions within their influence. 2. Self-Knowledge and Responsibility "Character marks destiny." – Heraclitus A leader’s character shapes their destiny. Understanding oneself is crucial for effective leadership. Leaders take responsibility for their actions and their outcomes, working persistently towards their goals despite external challenges. 3. Integrity and Honor "Do not underestimate the power of personal integrity." – Sophocles True leaders...

Personality Traits Theory Murray's Needs Theory Henry Murray (1893-1988) was active in developing a theory of motivation from the 1930s to the 1960s. He believed that a need is a potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances. It is a noun that stands for the fact that a certain trend is apt to recur. (Murray et al. 1938) A major assumption of Murray’s theory was that behavior is driven by an internal state of disequilibrium. In other words, we lack something, and this drives us, or we are dissatisfied, and we desire something. Murray distinguished two kinds of needs: Primary Needs (Viscerogenic): Needs that arise from our physiological nature. They include basic needs like food, water, air, sex, and avoidance of pain. Secondary Needs (Psychogenic): Needs that are either derived from our biological needs or inherent in our psychological nature. These include: Achievement (a desire to overcome obstacles and reach high standards) Recognitio...

Barriers to Communication The process of communication has multiple barriers. The intended communication will often be disturbed and ditorted leading to a condition of misunderstanding and failure of communication. The Barriers to effective communication could be of many types like linguistic, psychological, emotional, physical, and cultural etc.  We will see all of these types in detail below.  1. Linguistic Barriers  The language barrier is one of the main barriers that limit effective communication. Language is the most commonly employed tool of communication. The fact that each major region has its own language is one of the Barriers to effective communication. Sometimes even a thick dialect may render the communication ineffective. As per some estimates, the dialects of every two regions changes within a few kilometers. Even in the same workplace, different employees will have different linguistic skills. As a result, the communication channels that span across the ...

The Communication is a two-way process wherein the message in the form of ideas, thoughts, feelings, opinions is transmitted between two or more persons with the intent of creating a shared understanding. Simply, an act of conveying intended information and understanding from one person to another is called as communication.  The term communication is derived from the Latin word “Communis” which means to share. Effective communication is when the message conveyed by the sender is understood by the receiver in exactly the same way as it was intended Communication Process  The communication is a dynamic process that begins with the conceptualizing of ideas by the sender who then transmits the message through a channel to the receiver, who in turn gives the feedback in the form of some message or signal within the given time frame. Thus, there are Seven major elements of Communication Process: 1. Sender  The sender is the source of the message that initiates the communicatio...

Values for Managers Leadership is a practical skill involving the guidance and coaching of others, such as teammates or employees. Leaders set directions, build or cultivate visions, and generate new ideas. Examples of leaders include politicians, executives, managers, and business owners. 1. The Role of Leadership Leadership is centered on planning and strategizing ways for you, your team, and your company to exceed expectations. Being a leader is dynamic, filled with decisions that shape your character and effectiveness. Great leaders adhere to a set of core values, influencing their actions and decisions in the workplace. 2. Understanding Values Values define the importance placed on actions or items when making choices. They are fundamental beliefs that guide actions by determining what is deemed most significant. Values also clarify the relationship between individuals and their goals, leading to distinct leadership styles. For instance: A leader who prioritizes honesty may rep...

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an evolving concept without a standardized definition or a universally recognized set of criteria. While it is often a widely discussed yet poorly understood term, CSR can encompass various interpretations, such as: Profit-making Only : Focusing solely on financial gains. Going Beyond Profit-Making : Engaging in activities that contribute to societal well-being. Voluntary Activities : Initiatives taken on the organization's own accord. Concern for the Broader Social System : Considering the wider implications of business actions. Social Responsiveness : Adapting to social expectations and needs. In essence, CSR is viewed as an organization's way of integrating economic, social, and environmental responsibilities into their activities. Although the term is relatively new, the concept has deep historical roots in Indian culture, where community welfare has been a guiding principle for centuries. Defini...